14 Best Auto Ceramic Coating: 2022 Buying Guide & FAQs
There are many Auto Ceramic Coating out there. But not all of them are the best.
The best Auto Ceramic Coating are those that make your life easier and more pleasant. They should be convenient and easy to use, but also provide you with the best results.
In this article, we will look at some of the best Auto Ceramic Coating for your needs.
Contents
- 1 List of 14 Best Auto Ceramic Coating Reviews
- 1.1 Ceramic Coating for Cars (70ml) - 10H Graphene Coating for Car Detailing - 10+ Years of Long Lasting Protection - Ultra High Gloss & Shine, Extremely Hydrophobic
- 1.2 WEIRUIXIN 10H Ceramic Coating 3.0,High Gloss Hydrophobicty Anti Scratch Easy to Use Mirror Paint Protection Car kit 50ML Nano Ceramic Coating with Gloves sealant 2 Years Warranty
- 1.3 Ceramic Coating Top Coat for Cars Fortify Quick Coat Car Wax Polish Spray Waterless Wash & Wax Hydrophobic Top Coat Polish & Polymer Paint Sealant Detail Protection 16 Fl Oz by SHINE ARMOR
- 1.4 Malcm High Gloss Ceramic Car Coating Kit, Anti-scratch Car Polish Exterior Care Paint Sealant 9H Hardness 30ML (1Pcs)
- 1.5 Graphene Ceramic Coating for Cars (70ml) - Coating for Car Detailing - 10+ Years of Long Lasting Protection - Ultra High Gloss, Extremely Hydrophobic
- 1.6 CERAKOTE® Ceramic Trim Coat Kit - Quick Plastic Trim Restorer - Guaranteed Restoration to Last Over 200 Washes – A Ceramic Coating, Not a Dressing
- 1.7 Mothers 01024 CMX Ceramic Spray Coating, 24 fl. oz.
- 1.8 Adams Advanced Graphene Ceramic Coating Kit - 10H Graphene Coating for Car Detailing Professionals | 9+ Years of Protection & Patented UV Glow Technology | Apply After Car Wash & Paint Correction
- 1.9 Turtle Wax 53409 Hybrid Solutions Ceramic Spray Coating - 16 Fl Oz.
- 1.10 Rapid Ceramic Sealant Kit(10oz Bottle Upgrade Capacity) Ultra Hydrophobic Ceramic Coating Spray, Professional Improve Gloss Shine, Slickness, Dirt Resistant Results- Long Lasting Protection
- 1.11 Nexgen Ceramic Spray Silicon Dioxide — Easy to Apply, Ceramic Coating Spray for Cars — Professional-Grade Protective Sealant Polish for Cars, RVs, Motorcycles, Boats, and ATVs — 8oz Bottle
- 1.12 Formula H3 Nano Ceramic Coating For Cars - Car Wax Nano Spray 16oz - Nano Ceramic Spray Coating for Cars - Ceramic Spray Wax - Ceramic Car Coating Spray
- 1.13 High Gloss 9H 3D Diamond Hardness nano super ceramic automotive coating car kit,Hocossy Anti-Scratch Super Hydrophobic Liquid Pro Premium Ceramic Car Coating Paint Sealant Protection-30ml
- 1.14 CERAKOTE® Rapid Ceramic Glass Coat Windshield Kit (8 oz Bottle)– Max Strength Rain Repelling Coating – Easy to Apply – Includes Glass Cleaner – Long Lasting Ceramic Formula – Maximum Water Shedding
- 2 What to look for when buying the best Auto Ceramic Coating
- 3 Final Thought
List of 14 Best Auto Ceramic Coating Reviews
Ceramic Coating for Cars (70ml) - 10H Graphene Coating for Car Detailing - 10+ Years of Long Lasting Protection - Ultra High Gloss & Shine, Extremely Hydrophobic
Features
- : Ceramic layer is used as a protective film, which can protect the car's paint surface from external influences, resist water, abrasion, corrosion and dirt. At the same time, it is added with Graphene Ceramic Coating, a material commonly used in aerospace, which can completely isolate the attack of dust, ultraviolet rays, oil, oxides and other destructive elements on the body paint.
- : Graphene crystal can effectively enhance the brightness and hardness of the paint surface, which will be you experience the ultra-high level of gloss and shine.
- : Graphene ceramic coating is a super durable barrier against water, road grime, mud and dirt with excellent hydrophobicity and smoothness! It minimizes the chance of swirl marks and scratches during cleaning and daily driving.
- : Provides 10H hardness for 10+ years of protection even in the harshest conditions. This will not wash out after a few washes, let alone the first wash or rainstorm you experience.
- Packaging: Graphene ceramic coating for the car was manufactured in the United States and specifically designed using existing advanced technology. , , , , .
WEIRUIXIN 10H Ceramic Coating 3.0,High Gloss Hydrophobicty Anti Scratch Easy to Use Mirror Paint Protection Car kit 50ML Nano Ceramic Coating with Gloves sealant 2 Years Warranty
Features
- 【PROFESSIONAL CERAMIC COATING】Compared with other 9H coating, this updated version coating hardness increases to 10H so that it lasts longer. After painted with this kit, a protective layer will be covered on car body, Ceramic particles and extreme water sheeting contained in this high shine ceramic coating. protects your car from salt fog corrosion, bird's dropping, UV light, scratches, crushed stones and iron filings etc.
- 【Hydrophobic & High Gloss】: 10H Ceramic Coating is a super durable barrier to protect paint from dirt and bonded contaminants, with outstanding water beading that makes water almost jump off the surface. by the way, get a waxing effect, give a cleaning, shining car back to you.
- 【Anti Scratch】Anti sratch10H hardness, With the hardness of super Hydrophobic glass coating. The sacrificial coated on the surface can be used as a coat of the barrier.
- 【EASY TO USE】Make sure the surface is clean, dry and scratch free before applying the product.Wrap the cloth over coating sponge; Put coat liquid on the cloth; Spread the liquid on the car; Wait for 1-5 minutes for the liquid to dry; Use towel to wipe and polish sponge over the coated fabric. Kindly Note: Please do not touch your coated car within 24 hours if not dry. And also Don't Wash/ water /raining/wet your coated car within the first 7 days.
- 【COMPREHENSIVE ACCESSORIES】: Package includes everything you need for this car detailing: ceramic coating, applicator, wiping towel, microfiber clothes, protective gloves and user manual. Warranty: 2 years.,Last for 24 months.Contact us freely if you have any trouble during use.
Ceramic Coating Top Coat for Cars Fortify Quick Coat Car Wax Polish Spray Waterless Wash & Wax Hydrophobic Top Coat Polish & Polymer Paint Sealant Detail Protection 16 Fl Oz by SHINE ARMOR
$24.49 in stock
Features
- Advanced Formula 3-in-1. Our fortify quick coat is your all-in-one ceramic coating hydrophobic spray. Shine Armor Fortify Quick Coat ceramic car wax provides a waterless wash, coat, and shine, all-in-one convenient product.
- No Streaking, Smearing Or Scratching. Shine Armor Fortify Quick Coat premium formula ceramic car coating is a gentle and effective car polish for any vehicle! Get a clean, shiny finish without hurting your car's paint.
- Cuts Dirt, Grime & Grease. Our Quick Coat ceramic wax car sealant eliminates dirt, grime & grease instantly! Our signature 3-in-1 formula gives you a waterless car wash, coat and shine for a clean, showcase look.
- Safe For All Surfaces. Use this car wax spray-on automobiles, boats, motorbikes, RVs, four-wheelers and more! This spray wax is the perfect blend of surfactants and SiO2 ceramic-coating science.
- Superior Products. This means superior shine for your cars! Our ceramic quick coat also works as a sealer to give your vehicle a clear shield of protection while also providing a beautiful gloss. Our ceramic coat is the best hydrophobic car spray available!
Malcm High Gloss Ceramic Car Coating Kit, Anti-scratch Car Polish Exterior Care Paint Sealant 9H Hardness 30ML (1Pcs)
Features
- [MR FIX 9H] - After painted with this kit, a protective layer will be covered on car body, protect your car from salt fog corrosion, bird drops, UV light, scratches, stone chips, iron powder etc
- [CAR BEAUTY] - 9H hardness tech makes the car maintain flexible underneath while providing a water repellent covering at the surface, by the way, get a waxing effect, give a cleaning, shining car back to you.
- [ANTI SCRATCH] - With the hardness of super hydrofobowa glass coating. The sacrifical coated on the surface can be used as a coat of the barrier
- [EASY TO USE] - We have made an offical instruction video and application steps, please check it below Q&A and Review Comments. Wrap the cloth over coating sponge; Put coat liquid on the cloth; Spread the liquid on the car; Use towel to wipe and polish sponge over the coated fabric
- [NOTE] - Included 30ml Car Coating Ceramic and a Sponge. Kindly Note: lease do not touch or wet treated surface in next 12 hours; If you wanna remove it, use POLISH WAX will be ok
Graphene Ceramic Coating for Cars (70ml) - Coating for Car Detailing - 10+ Years of Long Lasting Protection - Ultra High Gloss, Extremely Hydrophobic
Features
- : Ceramic layer is used as a protective film, which can protect the car's paint surface from external influences, resist water, abrasion, corrosion and dirt. At the same time, it is added with Graphene Ceramic Coating, a material commonly used in aerospace, which can completely isolate the attack of dust, ultraviolet rays, oil, oxides and other destructive elements on the body paint.
- : Provides 12H hardness for 10+ years of protection even in the harshest conditions. This will not wash out after a few washes, let alone the first wash or rainstorm you experience.
- : Graphene crystal can effectively enhance the brightness and hardness of the paint surface, which will be you experience the ultra-high level of gloss and shine.
- : Graphene ceramic coating is a super durable barrier against water, road grime, mud and dirt with excellent hydrophobicity and smoothness! It minimizes problems with swirl marks and scratches during cleaning and everyday driving.
- Amazing Gift: Graphene ceramic coating for automobiles are specially designed using state-of-the-art technologies available. , , , , .
CERAKOTE® Ceramic Trim Coat Kit - Quick Plastic Trim Restorer - Guaranteed Restoration to Last Over 200 Washes – A Ceramic Coating, Not a Dressing
$17.95 in stock
1 used from $23.45
Features
- 2 YEAR GUARANTEE! - You read it right! We'll come right out and make a guarantee that nobody else will. Cerakote Trim Coat is a CERAMIC coating that will last 2 years or your money back, no questions asked! Our product is NOT a temporary greasy dressing that will disappear after a couple washes or a good rain. Unlike other products, there's no "top secret" sauce that apparently makes a product last for a couple months… This is a CERAMIC coating that is guaranteed to last, FOR 2 YEARS!!
- DOESN'T WASH OFF! - You've done it over and over again. You buy the new magical product that claims it lasts "a long time" (whatever that means) and you spend a bunch of time applying it, greasing up rags, squirting it all over the place and by the time you get a couple days of rain, you're back to where you started. We'll make you a deal. If Cerakote Trim Coat washes off within the first 200 washes, we'll give you your money back! STOP WASTING YOUR MONEY on cheap products that don't last!
- RESTORES AND PROTECTS YOUR TRIM - Unlike other cheap products that give you a temporary greasy shine until they wash off, Cerakote Trim Coat will actually restore AND protect your trim. You read our guarantee, Trim Coat will RESTORE and PROTECT your plastic trim for 2 years. Period. No gimmicks, no fine print, no secrets.. Just a CERAMIC coating that actually cures to your vehicle's plastic giving it years of protection, while looking amazing.
- NO MORE GREASY MESS! - One Cerakote Trim Coat Kit comes with a pair of gloves and 10 individually packaged, pre-moistened wipes. It's simple, you follow the instructions, open a pack and start wiping. You don't need to spray greasy product all over your vehicle and rub it in, or squirt gel on a pad and start buffing while destroying pads, towels and your clothes. What happens later that day when you step on your greasy running board or lean on your bumper? Grease. Tons of it.
- IT'S SCIENCE - Buyer beware! There's a big difference between secret snake oil, and science. Don't be fooled into purchasing "top secret" ingredient and additive products that make false claims. What's the secret to Trim Coat? We'll be straight-up because we develop, manufacture, package and ship all our products here at Cerakote HQ where we have in-house, world-class chemists. Trim Coat is a CERAMIC based product that brings out the pigments and bonds to your plastic. That's science.
Mothers 01024 CMX Ceramic Spray Coating, 24 fl. oz.
$15.41 in stock
1 used from $15.26
Features
- Offers Ultra-Durable, Super-Hydrophobic Protection
- Powerful Blend Of Sio2 (Silicon Dioxide) And Tio2 (Titanium Dioxide)
- Provides Ultra Long-Term Protection From The Elements And Continuous Water Beading
- Easy To Use; Just Spray On And Wipe Off
Adams Advanced Graphene Ceramic Coating Kit - 10H Graphene Coating for Car Detailing Professionals | 9+ Years of Protection & Patented UV Glow Technology | Apply After Car Wash & Paint Correction
$149.95 in stock
Features
- ✅ THE NEXT GENERATION OF PROTECTION FOR YOUR ENTIRE VEHICLE! Adam’s UV Graphene Ceramic Coating is a clear, nanocrystalline coating that protects your vehicle from weather, chemicals, and UV rays while rejecting water, dirt and other deposits. Providing 10H hardness, more than 7 years of protection even in the harshest conditions.
- ✅ PATENT PENDING UV TRACING TECHNOLOGY! Infused with patent-pending Ceramic Glow Technology. This feature acts as an application aid allowing users or professionals the ability to never miss a spot and make sure the coating is perfect every time you apply it!
- ✅ ULTRA HIGH GLOSS, DEPTH OF COLOR! Now with 50% more coating resin and additional silicate resin for added durability and longevity! Adam’s graphene coating is even easier to apply, features higher scratch and stain resistance while providing professional long-lasting results.
- ✅ EXTREME HYDROPHOBICITY, SLICKNESS, VERSATILE FORMULA! Adam's New Graphene Coatings are a super durable barrier to protect paint, glass, headlights, chrome, wheels, trim, and more from dirt and bonded deposits, with outstanding water beading and slickness that makes water almost jump off the surface! This nano coating is safe on clear coat, single stage, vinyl wraps, and lacquer paint finishes and can minimize the chances of creating swirl marks and scratches while washing and drying.
- ✅ 110% SATISFACTION GUARANTEE! Proudly crafted in the USA, this state of the art nano graphene ceramic car coating kit is specially designed using the most advanced technologies available. We pride ourselves on customer service and satisfaction and believe that this is THE BEST Ceramic Graphene Nano Coating on the market! If you don’t agree, we’ll do everything we can to make it right.
Turtle Wax 53409 Hybrid Solutions Ceramic Spray Coating - 16 Fl Oz.
$13.56 in stock
1 used from $13.42
Features
- Super hydrophobic and SiO2 polymers deliver water repelling, water sheeting, and chemical resistant protection that can last up to 12 months
- Simply spray on a clean dry car, spread and remove with a folded microfiber cloth; for best performance paint should be free of contaminants by using a clay bar or compound prior to application
- Adds a brilliant mirror-like shine that enhances the depth of colour and finish by reducing water spots and contaminant deposits
- Can be used in direct sunlight and on all exterior surfaces including glass, headlights, trim and wheels, not recommended for soft side convertible tops
Rapid Ceramic Sealant Kit(10oz Bottle Upgrade Capacity) Ultra Hydrophobic Ceramic Coating Spray, Professional Improve Gloss Shine, Slickness, Dirt Resistant Results- Long Lasting Protection
Features
- 【SUPER SLICKNESS】Rapid Ceramic Paint Sealant Kit Creates an ultra-smooth surface for your car with an endless Slickness like real porcelain, and thanks to our proprietary nanotechnology, you just need to touch it with your hands to feel the difference from the past.
- 【MAXIMUM HYDROPHOBIC】Maximum strength is hydrophobic, Protecting the gloss and durability of the original car paint surface. Greatly reduce the adhesion of road mud, mud and dirt, especially in rainy days, you can see water droplets sliding down like balls.
- 【QUICK CERAMIC COATING】Simple car wash, dry, spray, wipe. You can get professional auto shop coating effect in ten minutes. Super convenient, fast and efficient. You can also quickly coating at home.
- 【LASTING EFFECT】The latest nanotechnology allows silica nanoparticles to strongly adhere to the surface of the car to form a protective layer, bringing a smooth, bright effect and lasting for a long time.
- 【SUPER EASY TO USE】Super strong nano decontamination protection technology, even without washing the car, it can be coated. It can be sprayed and wiped directly, and 80% of the normal coating effect can be obtained. If the coating is applied after washing the car, the effect will be better. Nanotechnology makes professional coating operations as easy as breathing.
Nexgen Ceramic Spray Silicon Dioxide — Easy to Apply, Ceramic Coating Spray for Cars — Professional-Grade Protective Sealant Polish for Cars, RVs, Motorcycles, Boats, and ATVs — 8oz Bottle
Features
- PROFESSIONAL-GRADE SEALER THAT PROTECTS YOUR VEHICLE’S SURFACE — This premium ceramic coating for cars creates an impenetrable layer of protection on your vehicle’s surface. Using the highest grade of Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), which drastically reduces the ability for contaminants to streak, scratch, and degrade your clear coat and vehicle paint, while creating a mirror-like shine.
- USER-FRIENDLY — With the fastest application time of any product on the market, Nexgen Ceramic Spray was designed for you to be able to protect your ride from scratches, fading, and other damage while also administering UV protection and a deep, lustrous shine. Protect your vehicle in three simple steps. Spray ceramic detail spray onto your vehicle's surface, wipe evenly with a microfiber towel, then buff out for an unbelievable shine!
- VERSATILE CERAMIC SPRAY FOR ALL VEHICLES — Cover all your modes of transport. Ceramic coating spray is super effective on external solid surfaces, including on metal, paint, glass, plastic, and so much more: rubber, vinyl, alum wheels, powder coated wheels, leather, tires, chrome, gelcoat, denim paint. So, protect all the vehicles in your garage with our ceramic car wax spray and make sure your trucks, RVs, boats, motorcycles, dirt bikes, ATVs and more are protected.
- PROTECTS AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS — Nexgen ceramic wax for cars was engineered to protect any solid external surfaces against: dirt, mud, salt, snow, pollen, smog, acid rain, water spots, bird droppings, bug guts, and general road grime. Whatever it is, we’ve got your ride covered. The hydrophobic formulation creates a glass-like surface that repels water and other environmental contaminants, ultimately protecting and extending the lifespan of your car’s delicate clearcoat.
- ENOUGH PRODUCT TO COAT YOUR CAR UP TO FIVE TIMES — An 8 ounce bottle contains enough product to coat a mid-size sedan 4-5 times, a large truck 3-4 times or a motorcycle up to 10 times.
Formula H3 Nano Ceramic Coating For Cars - Car Wax Nano Spray 16oz - Nano Ceramic Spray Coating for Cars - Ceramic Spray Wax - Ceramic Car Coating Spray
Features
- THE AUTO DETAILS' FORMULA H3. The hybrid 3 in 1 ceramic detail spray wax for cars is designed to be a fast-acting detail spray for your car in a hydrophobic formula that protects, details, and polishes is a one of a kind exterior care products.
- 0 SMEARS, SCRATCHES or STREAKS. The H3 Formula ceramic car scratch repair nano spray agent is a gentle and effective car wax for any automotive need! Get a clean, shiny, and protective finish every time without hurting your car's paint.
- REMOVES DIRT, FILTH & GREASE. Our ceramic coating for your car eliminates gunk effortlessly. Our formula is a specially engineered 3 in 1 high protection ceramic spray for a waterless car wash giving you a showroom finish everytime!
- MULTI PURPOSE spray wax for car detailing. Use this ceramic coat spray for detailing on automobiles, boats, motorbikes, RVs, four-wheelers and side by sides. This spray on ceramic coating provides the perfect topcoat high gloss finish.
- MULTI USE. Formula H3 works as an ceramic car wash spray to give your cars a long-lasting shield of protection while also providing a beautiful polish and shine. Our hydrophobic car ceramic coating spray was designed to always be quick and easy
High Gloss 9H 3D Diamond Hardness nano super ceramic automotive coating car kit,Hocossy Anti-Scratch Super Hydrophobic Liquid Pro Premium Ceramic Car Coating Paint Sealant Protection-30ml
$19.99 in stock
Features
- [SCRATCH RESISTANCE]:Super Hydrophobic Anti-Scratch 9H Diamond Hardness.
- [CAR SURFACE PROTECTOR]:Anti-scratch Car Polish Liquid allows you to clean and protects your surface against sun staining and water spots,repair scratches, anti-static,anti-acid rain, glazing, anti-ultraviolet,anti-wear, anti-high temperature,and anti-oxidation.
- [EASY TO USE]:Apply in srtaight lines,make sure to apply 1-2 drops whenever the sponge feels dry or you can't see any product being applied to the surface.Best presents for Father / Friends / Brothers.
- [HIGH GlOSS]:After use this car liquid ceramic,the surface of car will forming a layer of crystals, like a mirror, forming a mirror full reflection effect, make it brightening 2 times.
- [NOTE]:included 30ml Car Coating Ceramic and a Sponge.Kindly Note:lease do not touch or wet treated surface in next 12 hours; If you wanna remove it, use POLISH WAX will be ok..
CERAKOTE® Rapid Ceramic Glass Coat Windshield Kit (8 oz Bottle)– Max Strength Rain Repelling Coating – Easy to Apply – Includes Glass Cleaner – Long Lasting Ceramic Formula – Maximum Water Shedding
$16.88 in stock
Features
- MAXIMUM WATER SHEDDING – Enhances visibility when you need it most. Your windshield will be crystal clear and ready to repel and shed water, even in the heaviest rainstorms. Passing a semi-truck in the pouring rain doesn’t need to be a white knuckle experience.
- MULTI SEASON GUARANTEE - We’re so confident in our ceramic technology, we GUARANTEE our Rapid Ceramic Glass Coating will last through multiple seasons! Not one or maybe two car washes, SEASONS, or your money back, no questions asked. Why apply something every other week or so when you don’t need to?
- COMPLETE PROFESSIONAL KIT – Cerakote always means professional grade products. This Kit includes two Glass Cleaning Wipes, our Rapid Ceramic Glass Coating and a high-quality microfiber towel. Everything you need for crystal clear, long lasting, rain repelling, water-shedding results!
- QUICK AND EASY TO APPLY - Just clean the glass using one cleaning wipe per half of the windshield, rinse, dry and you’re ready to apply the ceramic coating. Spray a light coat of the Rapid Ceramic directly to the glass. Using the included microfiber towel, wipe the coating evenly across the surface to ensure full coverage. Then use the clean side of the microfiber towel to buff the coating to a crystal clear finish! That’s it, you’re done!
- TRUE CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY – We are the innovators and leaders of true ceramic based coating technologies. Cerakote Rapid Ceramic Glass Coat is a professional coating that chemically bonds to the glass, providing maximum water shedding, not some “rebottled fake ceramic”. Not only does it shed water like crazy, Glass Coat makes bug guts, bird droppings and other nasties easy to wipe off and remove!
What to look for when buying the best Auto Ceramic Coating
When buying Auto Ceramic Coating, there are many things to consider. If you’re looking for the best quality, there are a few things you can do to ensure that you’re getting what you paid for.
Price
The price of a product is a huge factor in its quality and appearance. If you want something that will last, it needs to be made with high-quality materials and reinforced with durable stitching.
Quality
A good product will last a long time and retain its value over time. You want to know that you can use your product without worrying about breaking it or having it break down before its time is up.
Workability
Consider how easy it will be to use your new purchase every day—whether that means putting it away after use or working with it all day long! Does it fit into your routine easily? If not, think about how much time and effort it would take for you to change your routine around so that it does fit in well with what you need from
Durability
The longer something lasts, the more value it has to you. This can be true even if the item costs less than others—if it doesn’t fall apart after a few months of use, that means you’ll be getting more use out of it.
Appearance
If you have an eye for beauty and style, this is another factor to consider when purchasing items. Does it look nice? Is it sleek and modern, or does it have an antique charm? Can you see yourself using it every day?
Warranty and return policy
If there’s something wrong with your product, who will take care of it? Will they give you a refund or replacement? Do they have a good track record for customer service? These questions can help make sure your purchase goes smoothly when something does go wrong—and trust me, no one wants to deal with returning or repairing something themselves!
Customer service
When considering which brand or company makes the best products for you, don’t forget about their customer service! Are they responsive? Do they respond quickly? Do they answer all your questions?
Final Thought
It’s clear that there are a lot of options when it comes to buying Auto Ceramic Coating. It can be hard to know where to start. To help you make your decision, we’ve done the work for you and found some of the best Auto Ceramic Coating out there. We hope that this list has been helpful in narrowing down your choices so that you can make an informed decision about which product is best for your needs.